In the span of two months, the coronavirus crisis has demanded sweeping changes from the U.S. construction industry, and experts say many of them will remain in place even after the outbreak recedes.
As contractors prepare to return to work on sites that have been shut down by shelter-in-place initiatives, they will face an industry that has been drastically changed by the both public health and economic effects of the pandemic.
“There are new factors coming into play now that you or I never thought about,” said Joe Natarelli, leader of Marcum LLP's national Construction Industry Group
“And people need to plan now to be prepared for the long term.”From a renewed emphasis on jobsite safety to longer project delivery times and the increased influence of organized labor, the virus has upended many facets of the industry. Companies that try to return to a business-as-usual mentality will face a harsh new reality, Natarelli said.
“There’s been a paradigm shift in many areas of construction that is leading contractors to do many things differently than they did in the past,” he said.
Here are eight ways that COVID-19 has altered the construction industry for the near future and beyond.
1. Jobsites will be cleaner and safer
The virus put a spotlight on the importance of worker health and safety, and U.S. contractors responded by implementing new jobsite policies such as staggered shifts, employee temperature checks and top-to-bottom disinfections of jobsites, tools and machinery.
Superintendents at Bridgewater, Massachusetts-based Callahan Construction Managers have implemented a variety of protocols to promote social distancing and employee health, including a ban on carpooling, a 100% mask and glove policy and well-stocked handwashing stations, according to president Pat Callahan. In addition, the company's safety team made 200 gallons of sanitizing soap that has been distributed across jobsites.
This emphasis on cleaner, less crowded work areas is one that won’t recede after the virus does, Natarelli said.
“Contractors can’t be thinking that they can bring workers back after all this dies down and it will be the same as always,” he said. “They’ll have to include a lot more health and safety measures so that employees are comfortable returning to work.”
The new normal will be reinforced by state, local and federal regulations, such as the ones recently proposed in Washington and Pennsylvania, and in the near future, OSHA could require employers to develop written infectious disease preparedness and response plans, said attorney Michael Rubin, chair of Goldberg Segalla’s national OSHA and Worksite Safety practice group.
Medical experts' belief that outbreaks across the world will come in waves for months or even years to come make safety plans important now and into the future.
“Employers can no longer conduct business the same way as they did in the past,” he said. “Especially now, they need to be flexible and in many instances, creative, as they think of new ways to perform certain tasks that they have performed in the same way for many years in the past.”
2. Distancing will be the norm, via technology
The current emphasis on social distancing on jobsites will likely continue even after the current health threat passes, Rubin told Construction Dive. “We can expect to see less group activities and more clearly defined procedures and protocols for even some of the most routine work tasks,” he said.
Even as the current outbreak subsides in many areas, state and local officials are putting measures in place to mitigate risk on construction sites going forward. For instance, new guidance in Washington state requires that jobsite employees keep 6 feet away from each other and non-compliance could lead to a project shutdown.
The need for social distancing has also changed how contractors interact with project teams and with customers and companies have developed unique solutions to stay in touch. Los Angeles-based AECOM has launched an interactive web-based tool that allows clients to hold virtual public meetings, a crucial component in the process of creating public projects such as town halls, stadiums and concert venues. The platform allows AECOM employees and customers to engage with the public about the impact and benefits of proposed projects without leaving their homes.
"It's exactly like a real public meeting, but without the in-person element," Kevin Carlson, AECOM’s global lead for digital transformation, told Construction Dive.
In addition, in some areas of the country, building departments are implementing remote technology for inspections, a trend that will continue after the health crisis is over, according to Stephen Poposki, a building official in Cape Coral, Florida.
For instance, when faced with a recent inspection delay on a project in Nashville, Tennessee, general contractor DPR submitted 360-degree photos and videos to the local fire marshal for a virtual inspection, allowing it to turn the project over on time.
"I think we're going to come up with some really efficient ways of doing business," said Poposki. "And because people are also very aware of what's going on in the news, they're really more willing to accept change right now, and this is the perfect time to do it."
3. Projects will take longer
Many of the major safety changes on construction sites will add to the time it takes to complete projects. While crucial to keeping workers healthy, techniques such suiting up with PPE, only allowing one trade on a site at a time and staggering work shifts will slow down progress and the days of fast-tracking a project may be over — at least for now, experts say.
“Construction schedules will not be the same as they used to be,” said Mike Benike, executive vice president at Rochester, Minnesota-based Benike Construction, during a recent COVID-19 webinar sponsored by Destination Medical Center, a public-private economic initiative in Rochester, Minnesota. “Things will take a little longer because we won’t be able to have lots of people in the same place at the same time.”
Natarelli advises contractors to consider time constraints when bidding out new jobs to make sure the contract reflects a reasonable construction schedule. The entire project team, including owners, architects, subs and other partners, needs to understand that at least in the near term, projects will take longer than before.
“We’ll be planning jobs differently going forward,” he said. “These longer completion times aren't going to go away anytime soon and we need to be prepared going forward that if another wave of the virus does come back we’re in much better shape and we’re much better prepared.”
4. Telework will become more common
The coronavirus has also brought major changes to construction’s back offices. Forced to stay at home, many office employees have kept business operations running via remote work, relying on technology like videoconferencing, emailing and texting to stay in touch.
This nationwide experiment in telework will likely cause many leaders to think about making the practice permanent. A recent Gartner study found that 74% of American companies will move at least 5% of their office workforce to permanently remote and nearly a quarter of respondents said they will move at least 20% to permanently remote positions, according to a survey of the company's chief financial officers.
“CFOs, already under pressure to tightly manage costs, clearly sense an opportunity to realize the cost benefits of a remote workforce,” said Alexander Bant, practice vice president, research for the Gartner Finance Practice.
While the trend toward remote work will lead to a dramatic reduction in the need for office space for many companies, others may think about expanding, Ross Forman, managing director of business advisory firm BDO, told Construction Dive.
These firms may seek to take advantage of lower rents to expand their office space to allow for greater social distancing in the workplace. This could mean a move away from the popular open office space layouts to allow for additional private space “to reassure skittish staff long after the worst of COVID-19 infections have passed,” he said.
5. Union influence will grow
Since World War II, the percentage of the U.S. construction industry involved in union memberships has steadily declined, from about 87% of the workforce in 1947 to 12.8% in 2018. Nevertheless, since the pandemic began, trade unions have taken on renewed influence in many areas of the country by advocating for members’ best interests in keeping sites operational and safe.
Trade unions in New York state were instrumental last month in persuading government officials to shut down projects that were previously allowed to continue, and in Massachusetts, two unions staged walkouts earlier this month in protest of what they deemed to be unsanitary working conditions.
Other unions have wielded their influence to keep members on the job. Last month, North America's Building Trade Unions teamed up with the Associated General Contractors of America to ask government officials at all levels to make construction an essential service and exempt it from regional, state and local shutdowns.
During the crisis, unions have provided a voice for workers who are struggling to decide whether they should stay home or go to work, said Mark Erlich, a fellow at Harvard University’s Labor and Worklife Program. Unions also help laborers find new work after a layoff.
“Clearly, being a union member has been enormously beneficial in the past few weeks,” he said.
The appeal of unions will be stronger than ever going forward, Erlich said, a trend that “will likely come into conflict with cost-cutting measures that construction employers will inevitably be considering once they reckon with the financial losses from the crisis.”
To get ready for this trend, general contractors should be prepared to collaborate with unions and ensure they create work environments that meet their high standards for jobsite health and safety, even if they operate in traditionally open shop states.
“It’s going to cost more money and not going to be as efficient as in the past, but the market is going to force those types of changes,” Natarelli said.
6. Demand for project types will change
The coronavirus outbreak has reshaped the types of projects that will be built this year and for many years to come. Hospitality, retail and entertainment projects are likely to be in less demand while healthcare construction and healthcare-related manufacturing projects could see more activity, according to Charles Hewlett, RCLCO Real Estate Advisors' director of strategic planning.
In addition, demand for distribution and warehouse space may likely increase as U.S. companies favor higher inventory levels and emphasize supply chain resiliency over efficiency, Hewlett said.
“In the long run, expect more manufacturing facilities to locate in North America to ensure supply and access to markets during episodes like this one, a boon to economic growth and industrial and logistics facilities in the U.S. and Mexico,” he said.
Keith Prather, market intelligence expert for Olathe, Kansas-based business management consulting firm Pioneer IQ, agreed, saying that less reliance on Chinese-made building products will create a surge of new manufacturing- and supply chain-related construction projects such as factories and warehouses.
Experts are divided on how infrastructure initiatives will fare in the near future, with some noting that projects like road and bridge construction could suffer as state DOT revenue declines because of decreased fuel tax revenues and that federal infrastructure funding may be waylaid as Congress turns its attention to COVID-19 mitigation measures for business and unemployed Americans.Nevertheless, some public works projects have received a shot in the arm because of the pandemic. The Airport Improvement Program will invest $3.2 billion in the development and modernization of aviation facilities across the country, and the governors of some states, including Florida and Minnesota, have accelerated billions of dollars of transportation projects in an effort to lessen the economic fallout from the coronavirus pandemic and to take advantage of fewer vehicles on the road.
7. Supply chains will recalibrate
Even before the outbreak hit the U.S., the coronavirus created major global supply chain disruptions, especially of goods from China, the source of about 30% of U.S. building materials last year. Government containment efforts and quarantines in China slowed or shut down factories in dozens of cities and provinces, leading to a falloff in production of everything from cars to smartphones. U.S. builders have noted delays and shortages in items like steel, surfacing and case goods.
Wendy Cohn, vice president of operations for Sacramento, California, construction management firm Kitchell CEM, said she has experienced some delays in material availability since the crisis began. Kitchell project teams are working with clients, architects, contractors and trade partners to identify shortages and develop creative solutions for the projects that the company continues to build for essential clients such as schools, colleges and the Los Angeles Department of Public Works.
With so many sourcing challenges on the horizon, many American construction firms will be hesitant to resume orders from Chinese suppliers, according to Prather.
“How we source projects has a lot of weaknesses,” he said. “We believe that going forward there will be a lot of reshoring back in the U.S., where we’ll see an increase in our manufacturing ability here as well as heading into Mexico.”
Natarelli said many of his large contractor clients that are bidding out jobs include clauses in their contracts that call for as many as five backup sources for materials. Many are willing to pay higher prices for supplies coming from less risky locations.
“Alternative suppliers are very big right now, and contractors are weighing the risks with the rewards,” he said.
8. Modular adoption will increase
An enhanced focus on worker safety will help accelerate the industry’s move to offsite construction methods. While contractors like PCL, Clark and Mortenson have relied on prefabrication for many years, Natarelli said the coronavirus pandemic will motivate more firms to investigate the benefits of offsite building.
The assembly-line efficiency and climate-controlled environment of factory production can save on labor costs and shorten project schedules, but other advantages will take center stage in post-pandemic construction, according to Natarelli, including increased site safety and reduced congestion.
“It reduces the amount of time you’re in the field, and keeping the labor force in a controlled environment is good from a health standpoint, too,” he said. “So maybe now you have a job that went from six months to nine months and maybe this can shave that to eight months while you’re also promoting social distancing, too.”
Final phase of natural gas line expansion between Wallingford, Middletown begins
Far too many unknowns
Just how ugly things will get in Connecticut is expected to remain a mystery for many months, because too many unknowns remain.
First, no one knows how many jobs the state really has lost.
Through Tuesday, the Department of Labor had received an astronomical 427,000 applications for unemployment benefits dating back to mid-March. That’s three-and-a-half times larger than all jobs lost in the last recession.
State officials hope most of those jobs will return when shuttered or scaled-back businesses reopen or expand service later this spring or summer. But economists also insist many of those jobs are lost for good.
And it’s not just retail, restaurant and hospitality jobs directly affected by the shutdowns that are vulnerable.
The Dow Jones Industry Average through mid-week had plunged almost 20% since mid-February. Barring an immediate and pronounced rebound, state analysts expect that to take a toll on Connecticut’s income tax revenues, which rely heavily on nearby Wall Street.One-quarter of all tax receipts, about $2.5 billion this fiscal year, were expected to come from quarterly filings — most of which involve capital gains and other investment-related earnings.
New York State Comptroller Thomas DiNapoli projected in late March a sharp drop in Wall Street bonuses in 2020, and a need for governments to prepare for the “severe budgetary implications of the coronavirus crisis.”
“All of the economic inputs, without exception, are not operating in their normal way,” said Connecticut Comptroller Kevin P. Lembo. This extends not just to financial services, but also the housing and job markets and consumer spending, he said.
The report due Thursday from Connecticut fiscal analysts will assess damage only to the revenue side of the budget — but all the parties involved concede that the analysis can offer only minimal guidance.
That’s because the state has very little tax data on which to base its findings. To provide relief from the coronavirus pandemic, Lamont delayed most household and business tax filings from April 15 until mid-July.
Melissa McCaw, Lamont’s budget director, warned two weeks ago that if tax revenues erode in this recession like they did in the last one, Connecticut stands to lose roughly $1.4 billion next fiscal year. That’s significant, but it’s a manageable problem given the $2.5 billion the state currently holds in its rainy day fund.
But McCaw also said there’s absolutely no guarantee that this downturn won’t be more severe than The Great Recession, which officially ran from December 2007 through mid-2009 in the United States. Some economists insist it continued in Conlnecticut through early 2010.
Consumer confidence headed for a new low?During the last recession, it was the state income tax that eroded the worst. This time around, Connecticut’s sales tax — traditionally a very reliable revenue source — is at risk as well.What happens when consumers are still reeling from the discovery that shopping can be dangerous — literally — to their health? If community spread and months of lost wages haven’t put enough of a damper on shoppers, disappearing nest eggs should finish the job, said Don Klepper-Smith, an economist with DataCore Partners.
“Wait until people realize this summer that their 401(k)s have been turned into 201(k)s,” quipped Klepper-Smith. New metrics already show consumer confidence in New England already has plunged to an all-time low, he said. “As goes the consumer, so goes the general economy.”
“It’s a tsunami — a hard stop,” Mark Zandi, chief economist for Moody’s Analytics, said of the pandemic’s economic impact during a webinar earlier this month.
And if the first economic shock wave was the business closures, “wave Number Two of the tsunami is going to occur relatively quickly — when people start realizing they are worth a lot less than they thought,” Zandi added. “Household wealth is evaporating very quickly.”
Both Lembo and McCaw said it’s certainly possible the entire rainy day fund will be exhausted by the close of the next fiscal year 14 months from now.
And while Connecticut’s hefty reserves and overall strong cash position leave it better suited — relative to other states — to handle short-term fiscal problems, McCaw said, the state’s fate over the long haul could hinge on the next round of stimulus.
“While I am comforted by a record-high rainy day fund, we also know those funds could be quickly utilized,” she said, adding Connecticut also has many stakeholders that need relief, including healthcare providers, businesses and municipalities. “The needs are vast.”
State Medicaid spending rose roughly $130 million in the final quarter of this fiscal year. At that pace, the state could be facing a $500 million-plus increase in health care spending next fiscal year.Pension costs expected to surge yet again
And then there’s the big thorn in Connecticut’s budget: pension costs.
Between 2010 and 2018, as Connecticut recovered from the last recession more slowly than nearly all other states, required annual contributions to cash-starved pension funds more than doubled to $2.5 billion, devouring 13% of the state’s budget. And despite efforts to stabilize them through costly refinancing efforts in 2017 and 2019, they’re likely to grow again.
As the stock market falls and public-sector pension fund investments lose value, required government contributions to these funds traditionally surge.
The Pew Charitable Trusts released an analysis last week that projects states’ collective pension debt could reach an all-time high of $1.7 trillion unless the markets rebound over the next three months.
Cities and towns, many of which already are bracing for higher property tax delinquency rates this summer, also face rising pension contributions.
Given all of these challenges in Connecticut’s fiscal future, forecasters have to strike the right balance, Lembo said.
Panicking and overreacting is bad. Failing to plan until it’s too late can be fatal.
“You want to give an accurate picture from where you are, but at the same time you don’t want to unnecessarily scare everyone or go too far down the rabbit hole without sufficient information to back it up,” he said. “It’s the difference between hitting the brakes — or hitting the brakes and going through the windshield.”